Природжені вади органів і судин верхнього та середнього середостіння в плодів людини

Abstract

За допомогою морфологічних методів вивчені положення, розміри, форма серця та його топографоанатомічні взаємовідношення з суміжними органами і магістральними судинами середостіння в плодовому періоді онтогенезу людини.

С помощью морфологических методов изучены положение, размеры, форма сердца и его топографоанатомические взаимоотношения со смежными органами и магистральными сосудами средостения в плодном периоде онтогенеза человека.

Purpose. Ascertaining the topographoanatomical characteristics of the organs and neurovascular formations of the superior and medium mediastina during the perinatal period of human ontogenesis. Design / approach. The study has been carried out on 38 specimens of human fetuses aged 5-10 months, using the methods of ordinary and thin preparation under the control of a binocular loupe, macromicroscopy and morphometry. The authors studied only those cases when the cause of death was associated with the pathology of the organs and neurovascular formations of the superior and media mediastina. Morphological changes of the structure of the heart, thymus, lungs and the great vessels of the mediastinum were noted in two cases (a female fetus aged 10 months and a male fetus aged 7 months). Findings. A three-chambered heart was detected in a 10-month fetus, consisting of two ventricles and one atrium with two well developed auricles. The superior and inferior vena cava and all the pulmonary veins disgorged into the single auricle. The thymus in this particular fetus is represented by two lobes - the right one in the form of a bunch of grapes and the left one - in the form of a boot. An atypical topography of the heart and its chambers and a location of the left lung behind the right and left cardiac ventricles are detected in a 7-month-old fetus. Side by side with this, a laminar form of the thymus is revealed. Researcli limitations / implications. Individual anatomical variability, a complicated course of morphogenesis and the formation of correlative interrelationships of the organs and vessels of the superior and medium mediastina during the fetal period of ontogenesis create numerous conditions for the emergence of both variants of their structure and topography as well as congenital malformations in human fetuses. The development, position and form of the heart in fetuses aged 7 and 10 months are stipulated by a disturbance of interrelations of the anlages of the heart, lungs and vessels of the mediastinum in the embryonal period of human ontogenesis. Originality / value. Knowledge of the consistent patterns and specific characteristics of morphogenesis of the organs and vessels of the superior and medium mediastina is important to bring up-to-date the methods of surgical correction of their congenital pathology.